Process of Matrix Acidizing

Process of Matrix Acidizing CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1. Preface: Well stimulation techniques are applied regularly to improve productivity and maximize recovery from oil and gas wells. One of these techniques is matrix acidizing which is probably the most extensively performed job due to its low cost as compared to hydraulic fracturing, and it’s appropriateness to both production improvement and to restore original permeability in damaged wells. Acidizing treatments in general can be classified as : Acid washing Matrix acidizing Fracture acidizing ( or acid-fracturing) In acid washing, the purpose is simply tubular and wellbore cleaning. Treatment of the formation is not considered. Acid washing is most often Carried out to clean out scale and other materials restricting flow in the well. In fracture acidizing, acid is injected into a fracture created by a viscous fluid or the acid itself used to create the fracture. As acid progresses in the fracture, it reacts with the fracture walls, resulting in dissolution etching. Matrix acidizing which is the focal of this research, is defined as the process in which an acid is injected into the formation at pressures below the fracturing pressure of the formation so that fractures are not created. The injected fluid will react with the formation and dissolve some of the materials present and hence eliminate the formation damage and/or increase the permeability in the near-wellbore region.(1)The acidizing process leads to improving the maximum recovery in both sandstone and carbonate reservoirs and increasing economic reserves. In carbonate formations, matrix acidizing acts by forming conductive channels, called wormholes, through the formation. These wormholes penetrate beyond the near-wellbore region, or extending from perforations, as illustrated in figure (1.1). Acid-induced wormholes in carbonate rocks are similar to the holes made by earthworms underground, hence the name.(2) Often, acid will form  primarily single wormhole from limited numbers of perforations, without significant branching. That is the case when strong acids are used, such as HCl. Weaker acids, such as acetic acid, and retarded acid systems tend to create more branching of wormholes, which is preferable but only to a certain range. Retarded acid systems comprise viscosified acids (e.g., surfactant or polymer surfactant-gelled acid, emulsified acid, and foamed acid) or chemically retarded acid. The nature of wormholes created is controlled by the injection rate, temperature, and formation reaction characteristics.(2) In carbonate formations, the most frequently used acid is hydrochloric acid (HCl) which reacts with carbonates and form water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and a calcium or magnesium salt. Typical reactions in carbonates are(3): For Calcite: 2HCl+CaCO3 CaCl2+CO2+H2O .(1.1) and for Dolomite: 4HCl+CaMg(CO3)2 CaCl2 +MgCl2+2H2O+2CO2 .(1.2) Figure(1.1): CT- Scanned wormhole structures from a core-flood experiment(4) 1.2. Formation Damage: Formation damage is a common expression denoting to the impairment of the permeability by different processes. It is an undesirable functioning and economic problem that can take place during the different phases of oil and gas recovery from reservoirs, such as drilling , hydraulic fracturing, workover operations, and production. Formation damage indicators include permeability impairment, skin damage, and decrease of well performance. Figure (1.2) represents the common formation damage mechanisms in the order of significance.(5) Seven formation damage mechanisms were summarized by Bishop (1997).(6) These mechanism are: Fluid–fluid incompatibilities; for example emulsions formed between formation water and oil-based mud filtrate. Rock–fluid inconsistency; for instance contact of possibly swelling clay by nonequilibrium water-based fluids will reduce near wellbore permeability. Solids invasion; such as the invasion of drilled solids or weighting agents . Phase /blocking; for instance the invasion of water-based mud in the near wellbore region in a gas well. wettability alteration; for example emulsifier adsorption altering the wettability and fluid flow features of a formation. Fines migration; for instance the movement of fine particulates in a rock’s pore structure , as a result bridging and plugging will form in pore throats. Biological activity; such as the bacterial agent that enter into the formation during drilling. 1.3. General Information about Field under Study: The Badra field is located in Wasit governorate 160 Km toward southeast from Baghdad city and extends across the borders to Iran. The Badra-1 discovery well was drilled in 1979. A second appraisal well (BD-2) was drilled in late-1980s but was abandoned due to the war before reaching the planned TD and main target Mauddud reservoir. No DST, coring or production testing were done. Two appraisal wells (BD-4 and BD-5) were drilled; coring and testing was in 2013. In 2011, 169 sq.km seismic 3D acquisition was done and interpreted. Figure (1.3) shows the oil field and Badra field location. Figure (1.2): Classification and order of the common formation damage mechanisms Figure  ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­(1.3):Zagros Province and Oil fields 1.4. Objectives of the Present Study: The present research aims to design matrix acidizing process for one of the Iraqi oil wells (Carbonate formation) using Hydrochloric acid (HCl) . The purpose is to follow up the formation damage occurrence due to drilling mud and completion fluids and removal, permeability improvement, and minerals dissolution in the carbonate formation caused by the acidizing process. As well as evaluating the matrix acidizing behavior, the effect of rock heterogeneity, and to determine the optimal injection rates of the acid to create channels in these formation. A new laboratory apparatus will be designed and constructed to perform the planned experiments. The setup should reproduce ,as much as possible, the characteristics of the treatments conditions to investigate the effects of matrix acidizing on carbonate rocks having variable mineral composition. Extensive experiments are required to be conducted to study the validation of the operative suitability and reliability of the apparatus under a broad range of pressure, flow rate, volume pumped, and acid concentration along with different additives. The licensed StimPro software will be applied , for the first time, for matrix acidizing process for Iraqi carbonate formation.

Argumentitive Essay on ‘the Case for Breaking Up with Your Parents” – Prof Terry Castle

————————————————- ————————————————- Why it is better for students to take the wheel â€Å"Parental engagement even in the lives of college-age children has expanded in ways that would have seemed bizarre in the recent past. (Some colleges have actually created a â€Å"dean of parents† position – whether identified as such or not – to deal with them. ) The â€Å"helicopter parents† who hover over nearly every choice or action of their offspring have given way to â€Å"snowplow parents† who determinedly clear a path for their child and shove aside any obstacle they perceive in the way. – Prof. Terry Castle, The case for breaking up with your parents As seen in Prof. Castle’s article ‘The Case for breaking up wi th your parents’ (The Chronicle Review, May 6, 2012), there are a few reasons why she is right when she says that the highly expanded parental engagement jeopardizes students’ intellectual and emotional freedom. They need to separate so that students will be able to engage in a kind of self-orphaning.First of all, the high involvement of parents is not advantageous at all by thinking that students are not even able to make their own choices – sometimes they would even do something just to make their parents feel satisfied. To prevent this, parents should really start to think about the abilities of their own child. Would they really not be able to make the right decisions? Of course, one has to overcome a few difficult steps in order to be able to make right decisions, but still, the students need to be given the chance to walk their own way to their future.It is apparent that these helicopter-parents are not inept parents at all, such parents are rather too car eful, well, maybe they care a little too much. Nevertheless, they do not have bad intentions so that is why students should start to talk about those involvement-issues with their parents. If they do not talk about it with their parents there would not be anyone else would convince them to stop doing so to their lovely children. Still, caring so much about their child is another reason to let them choose.If the parents love them so much, they should also love their preferences, or if they really disallow them, they can still advise them not to do so. This way, they can learn to guide themselves and still have the parents’ opinion at the same time. Breaking away from your parents? is not something easy to do. Some students do not know better than their parents’ conceptions, or at least, that is what they assume. That is why there is also a possibility that those students have unconsciously developed a fear of making own choices.Well, here again, this is another opportun ity to help your child to become more independent. As life is full of surprises, there will definitely be moments where your child will have no choice but to make a decision, and if it has never been done, it will also be very difficult. Caring parents would not want their child to be put in a difficult position, would they? Having said this, breaking away from such fanatical and willful parents would definitely be the best thing to do.It is high time for the student to overcome the possible fear of making own choices and one should be able to disassociate himself from his parents. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Self-orphaning – ‘The Case for Breaking up with your parents’ by Professor Terry Castle [ 2 ]. Helicopter-parents – ‘The Case for Breaking up with your parents’ by Professor Terry Castle ? Breaking away from your parents – as seen in ‘The Case for Breaking up with your parents’ by Prof. Castle

The Number One Article on Nhs Essay Samples

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Is Black Pride Racism Essay - 1218 Words

â€Å"A man who stands for nothing will fall for anything.† (Malcolm X) The African- American race as people have faced many challenges and has been through many struggles and oppressions. These events in history have fostered a sense of pride and for some hate in later generations. The pride that African- Americans have is usually referred to as Black Supremacy, Black Pride, and Black Power. The ideas of these prides are for black people as whole to have strong sense of who they are as a people, self-worth, self-determination, and equality. Every race should have these feelings, but some people take this to heart and find it offence because there are extremist groups who take these to beliefs above and beyond. Black Supremacy is not racism†¦show more content†¦During the first site of segregation to its last days, many White establishments like schools were far superior to Black schools and establishments (â€Å"Racism Timeline†). Segregations is a disadvantag e to both races because it creates feelings of degradation among blacks and raises prejudice in whites (â€Å"Racism Timeline†). Whites and Blacks had separate hotels, railroad cars, restaurants, water fountains, and schools. There was no particular reason for this. Before Civil rights acts were passed, blacks did not have the right to vote, own property, to contract or sue, and no testifying against whites, these are basic rights that someone who acquires citizenship to The United States of America earns. Blacks were treated like they were not even citizens of the country. These acts were called Black Codes or Jim Crow laws, and were mainly in the South (â€Å"The Advent of the Jim Crow†). These laws sprouted so quickly in the South because of the Civil War. After the Civil War, there was the reconstruction where racism intensifies. However, during this time Charles Darwin helped created a new form of racism, scientific racism. In scientific racism, racists use science to justify that their race is genetically and scientifically proven to be the superior. In 1866, the KKK was founded in Nashville Tennessee by Confederate Civil War veterans because they wanted to block the reconstruction and promote White Power (â€Å"RacismShow MoreRelated Richard Wrights Black Boy as a Catalyst to End Racism Essay1458 Words   |  6 PagesBlack Boy as a Catalyst to End Racism Around 2000 B.C., Egyptians enslaved Jews in bondage like caged animals because they were targeted as a lesser race and thus chosen for labor. Just 1500 years later, the Jews themselves were the culprits of racism labeling the very association with Samaritans as a deep sin. 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